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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Maxwell's thermodynamic surface ： ウィキペディア英語版 Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Maxwell’s thermodynamic surface is an 1874 sculpture made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879). This model provides a three-dimensional plot of the various states of a fictitious substance with water-like properties. This plot has coordinates volume (x), entropy (y), and energy (z). It was based on the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs’ graphical thermodynamics papers of 1873. The model, in Maxwell's words, allowed "the principal features of known substances () be represented on a convenient scale."〔Maxwell and Harman, (pp. 230-231 ): "I enclose a rough sketch of the lines on Gibbs' surface, co-ordinates Volume Entropy Energy in an imaginary substance in which the principal features of known substances can be represented on a convenient scale." (letter to James Thomson, 8 July, 1875)〕 == Construction of the model == Gibbs' papers defined what Gibbs called the "thermodynamic surface," which expressed the relationship between the volume, entropy, and energy of a substance at different temperatures and pressures. However, Gibbs did not include any diagrams of this surface.〔〔(Iowa State Chemical Engineer Drives Issue of New Stamp Honoring Father of Thermodynamics: Iowa State University – College of Engineering, 2004 ).〕 After receiving reprints of Gibbs' papers, Maxwell recognized the insight afforded by Gibbs' new point of view and set about to construct physical three-dimensional models of the surface.〔Maxwell, Garber, Brush, and Everitt, (p. 49 ).〕 This reflected Maxwell's talent as a strong visual thinker〔Ken Brodlie, "Scientific visualization — past, present and future," Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Neutron Scattering Data Analysis, ''Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment'', Volume 354, Issue 1, 15 January 1995, Pages 104-111, .〕 and prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques.〔 Maxwell sculpted the original model in clay and made three plaster casts of the clay model, sending one to Gibbs as a gift, keeping the other two in his laboratory at Cambridge University.〔 Maxwell's copy is on display at the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University,〔〔The Museum at the Cavendish Laboratory: (Maxwell's Apparatus ).〕 while Gibbs' copy is on display at the Sloane Physics Laboratory of Yale University, where Gibbs held a professorship. A number of historic photographs were taken of these plaster casts during the middle of the twentieth century – including one by James Pickands II, published in 1942〔 – and these photographs exposed a wider range of people to Maxwell's visualization approach. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maxwell's thermodynamic surface」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.